Media Memories: 1981 Holiday Bowl 30 Years Later

There is this amazing algorithm which takes place in the part of the brain where memories are stored.

The longer you live, time increments shrink proportionally, and before you know it, 5, 10, 20 years have passed in the blink of an eye, and you're like "...huh? ....wait, WHAT?"

And so it is for me to mentally rolodex back to the 1981 Holiday Bowl and realize that 30 years - three decades - have passed since two teams of Cougars squared-off on a crisp December evening at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego. WAC versus PAC. Provo meets Pullman. Cosmo and Butch battling for mascot supremacy three years before ESPN would 'Big-Bang' it's way into the sports broadcasting universe.

I was on the sidelines that night, press pass hanging around my neck, one-year before graduating from BYU with a degree in Broadcast Journalism.

It was BYU's fourth-straight trip to the bowl it literally helped found in 1978, and it was my third-straight year attending the game, having been in the stands with my family for 1979's last-second 38-37 heartbreaker to Indiana (the first time a BYU kicker would break our hearts) and on the sidelines for the first time, camera and notepad in tow for the Daily Universe for 1980's had-to-see-it-to-believe-it 46-45 comeback miracle thriller against SMU and their (in)famous Pony Express backfield of Eric Dickerson and Craig James.

I was pulling double-duty this night. My credential had been issued to me as Sports Director of KDOT-AM radio in Provo, a position/title I literally created for myself after a great summer news internship at the little station located between Southwest Provo and Utah Lake. Armed with a tape recorder, I arrived early in the week and attended every BYU practice and bowl event, feeding back reports and interviews and doing multiple daily live phoners with Tom Walker and J. Robert Howe.

It's hard to beat the Holiday Bowl when it comes to the bowl events. What's not to like about lunch and a tour of a US Navy aircraft carrier and Team Night at Sea World? The host and emcee of the Sea World Team Night dinner was Mister College Football himself, Keith Jackson, who managed to remain almost completely neutral despite being a WSU broadcasting alum.

After dinner and the program, I got Keith off to the side by myself, and talked to him about the Production Assistant freelancing I had already done for ABC Sports at the 1981 NCAA Track & Field National Championships in Provo and on both ABC's college football broadcasts and several Monday Night Football games throughout the Fall of 1981. He told me he was losing his in-booth spotter for college football and invited me to apply for this F/T network position.

I did so, with Al Michaels and Frank Broyles as my two top references. True to his word, Jackson considered me, and called me the next week at my parents home in Los Angeles to personally tell me I had narrowly lost-out to a much older applicant who already had years of full-time network experience. It was a disappointing, yet wonderful conversation and a defining and motivating moment in my sportscasting career.

Once the actual game arrived, I switched my sideline duties. BYU photography legend Mark Philbrick approached me with WSU's Sports Information Director alongside and explained that Wazzu's sports photog had not been able to make the trip. They asked me if I would be willing to shoot the game - which I was already planning on doing - and get a bunch of isos and close-ups of the Pullman Cougars that they could have for their official publications and archives.

My color slides and B/W negatives from that night are somewhere in a box in my parents, but many of my shots are very similar, and in some cases, almost exact duplicates of what you see here. I remember Danny Plater getting behind the WSU secondary for a 35-yard Jim McMahon touchdown bomb to open the scoring in the 1st quarter.

I can still see a BYU backup quarterback named Steve Young hustling into the huddle, unseen by WSU's defensive coordinator, taking a pitch from McMahon, rolling right and then passing to TE Gordon Hudson who was dragging on a backside route. Big gainer, and just the start of great things to come from Young-to-Hudson.

When McMahon brought the Provo Cougars to the goal line in the 3rd quarter, just before handing-off to Waymon Hamilton for a 1-yard dive which would stake BYU to a 24 - 7 lead, I caught the moment.

My lens found RB Don LaBomme leaping into the endzone over BYU's current Athletic Director, Tom Holmoe (who earlier had returned an interception 35-yards on a pick-six) - to pull State back within 31-15 in the 3rd quarter.

From that point, in a surprising role-reversal from their game the year before against SMU, BYU saw a seemingly-insurmountable lead evaporate into the foggy evening as Wazzu posted 13 unanswered points to close to 31-28 heading into the final quarter.

But McMahon was McMahon, and threw a 4th quarter touchdown to reserve RB Scott Pettis, then gathered-up a bobbled snap on a critcal 3rd and short and surged ahead for a first down, allowing BYU to run out the clock on WSU for a typical (see: thrilling) Holiday Bowl win, 38-36. It was BYU's fourth-straight Holiday Bowl appearance and their second-straight win, setting the stage for many more great (and a couple of not-so-great) moments at the Murph.

As I watch Texas and Cal battle tonight, 30 years later, it will seem a little odd, as it has for years now to not see the Cougars on my screen, rocking the home blues as the host team of the Holiday Bowl.

Kind of like driving past the home of your youth and seeing strangers living there.                                                                                   

People I Interviewed In My TV Career

Last year I was watching the Duke-Georgia Tech basketball game, and when they mentioned Blue Devils star Kyle Singler was from Medford, Oregon my jaw dropped open for a second. I looked him up on Facebook and discovered he wasn't even BORN until 1987 - the year we pulled-up stakes in Medford and moved to Yuma, Arizona.


That got me thinking about the people I personally met - and interviewed - during my TV sportscasting and news reporting career. I decided to make a list - a partial list - in no particular order:

*Steve Young *Jim McMahon *Ty Detmer *Rob Morris *LaVell Edwards *Frank Arnold *Danny Ainge *Bobby Clampett *Jake Plummer *Vai Sikahema *Gordon Hudson *John Beck *Martina Navratilova *Jane Seymour (yes...THAT Jane Seymour...I still haven't completely recovered from the moment she smiled at me in Sun Valley)

*Chuck Yeager (first pilot to break the sound barrier - flying the X-1)

*Kareem Abdul-Jabbar *Magic Johnson *Julius Erving *Ken Griffey, Jr. *Tony Gwynn *Roberto Alomar *Neil Lomax *Gene Stallings *Napoleon McCallum *Sonny Sixkiller *Chuck Knox *Dave Krieg *Curt Warner *Steve Largent *Don James *John Kruk *Harry Caray*Adrian Dantley

*Sen. Dirk Kempthorne-ID *Gov. Cecil Andrus-ID *Mark McGwire *Tony LaRussa *Lute Olsen *John Thompson *Dale Brown *Bill Walton *Shaquille O' Neal *Harry Caray *Adrian Dantley *Darrell Griffith *Tommy Lasorda *Frank Layden *Benito Santiago (Nicole's personal favorite - LOL - ask her to explain)

*The Kingsmen (uhm...anyone ever heard of 'Louie, Louie'?)

*Pilots of the 366th TFW (the Gunfighter Squadron out of Mountain Home AFB. They were among the very FIRST fighter pilots to fly through the missiles and flak and Iraqi fighters into downtown Baghdad the first night of the Gulf War - the tip of America's sword which struck down Saddam Hussein. Their stories raised the hairs on the back of my neck and brought a lump to my throat - they were the very DEFINITION of 'patriot')

*Capt. Al Haynes, United 232 (the flight that cartwheeled into the ground in Sioux City, Iowa. His exceptional piloting skill saved 184 of the passengers and crew from a fireball and shredded DC-10) 

                                                                                  

*Fred Whittingham (yes...he went-out as a Ute but he was my HS football coach at Alhambra and my LB position coach at BYU when I walked-on after my mission. He truly was a 'player's coach'. Seriously one of the toughest men I have ever met in my life, from being one of a handful of survivors of the 1960 Cal State Poly team plane crash in Ohio which killed many of his football teammates to the New Orleans Saints to coaching at BYU and Utah. RIP, big Fred)

*Bobby Knight (I am, without hesitation, most proud of THIS interview, my absolute favorite of the thousands I did. It was an exclusive one-on-one when I tracked down Indiana at the Boise airport just as their charter flight was landing for the NCAA West Regionals. I was the ONLY reporter there. Can you say 'SCOOP'? I had the most colorful and volatile coach in NCAA history all to myself for about two minutes, was well-prepared, and knew how to NOT ask stupid, typical media questions. I must have done something right - Bobby didn't shred me or even frown)

I'll stop here - that was just off the top of my head.

For anyone still reading at this point, I was truly BLESSED to have a career I LOVED for 20+ years. Like I always said, I got paid to play for a living.

So You Want To Be A Television Sportscaster? Part Three

Those who want to be doctors choose their colleges carefully. So do prospective lawyers, accountants and engineers.

And so it is for those dreaming of becoming sportscasters.

Just as the football and basketball polls differ in their opinion of who's best, so do the various lists of top college broadcasting programs. But it's a pretty good bet you'll find what you are looking for on the following list, in no particular order:

• USC - Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
• ASU - Walter Cronkite School of Journalism
• Missouri - Colombia School of Journalism
• Syracuse - S.I. Newhouse School
• Northwestern - Medill School of Journalism
• Washington State - Edward R. Murrow College of Communication
• Florida
• Illinois
• Texas
• BYU

Graduates of these programs are a literal 'Who's Who' All-Star roster of the finest television anchors and reporters in the U.S. Focusing exclusively on the sports people, you find names like Keith Jackson, Mike Tirico, Erin Andrews, Jenn Brown, Rachel Nichols, Bob Costas, Al Michaels, and Brent Musberger.

In most cases, it won't be as easy as just getting accepted into the university and declaring yourself a broadcast major. You will have to apply and be accepted as a major in almost all of these journalism programs. Grades will be important, but the really good news is, practical experience and portfolios will almost always trump GPAs here, unlike most other majors.

Did you write for your high school paper and take journalism classes? Good, find your clippings. While you were managing the local Walmart by day, did you do any freelance sports writing for the area prep teams, or even better, did you ever sit behind the mic calling play-by-play or analyzing high school sports for the local 500-watt AM radio station? Awesome.

Any and everything you can do to get practical experience in sports media will pay-off in spades when you apply to a broadcasting program. And here is an insider tip, hot from a top college broadcast program news director: when you are interviewed for admission and they ask you WHY you want to be a broadcast journalism major, do NOT say anything like, "because I want to be on TV" (the cast of Jersey Shore wants to be on TV - aim higher) or "it looks fun" (of course it is, that's unspoken) or "I want to travel." (flight attendants want to travel - I have first hand knowledge here)

Responses like that will immediately hoist red flags in the minds of your interviewers of whether you are just going through a phase or really in this for the long-haul. You need to dig deeper, and speak about your passion for sports and news and how it's all you talk about with your family and friends. Tell them you know too many people who have jobs and YOU are looking for a career. Be honest and speak from the heart. It will shine through in your interviews and application letters. 

Once you are accepted into a program, while taking your introductory and lower-level journalism classes, blast-out all of your general education credits as quickly as possible. You want to keep your junior and senior years free for your upper division journalism classes - and internships.

Internships come in all shapes and sizes and are solid gold for broadcast majors. This is where you begin to network and build contacts and future references for your resume. Contacts and references are EVERYTHING in this business. What you know (experience & talent) is important, but so is who you know.

Holiday breaks and summers should be dedicated to more than friends, family and laying on a beach. Every time I was home in L.A. I would pick-up the phone and call the sports anchors there - guys like Stu Nahan, Jim Hill and Ted Dawson - tell them I was a broadcast major wanting to become a sportscaster, and ask if I could come down to the station, hang-out and watch them work. (if you are shy or timid, TV sportscasting probably isn't the best place for you) Not one of them ever told me no.

As I mentioned in Part One, before graduating, I lucked into a freelance Production Assistant (PA) job when BYU hosted the 1981 NCAA Track & Field National Championships. That weekend and those new friends from ABC Sports led directly to more PA work with ABC on NCAA and Monday Night Football broadcasts. I worked with Al Michaels, Frank Broyles and Keith Jackson. Keith would later call me personally to tell me I had come within a heartbeat of being hired as his permanent full-time spotter before being passed-over for a guy with many years of network sports experience. 

Another of my internship experiences was a summer spent at KDOT-AM radio in Provo, where I ripped the old AP & UPI newswires and re-wrote those news and sports stories for J. Robert Howe and Tom Walker to read on-air. This led to being named the first-ever Sports Director at KDOT, which led to a week in San Diego covering the 1981 Holiday Bowl against Washington State - the second of many Holiday Bowls I would cover as a media member.

The broadcast journalism students I am mentoring at BYU are benefiting from attending one of the top, award-winning programs in the nation. They are landing internships at places like 'Dateline NBC,' 'Good Morning America,' 'ESPN Sports Center,' and last but never least, 'KSL Sports'

Which brings me to Greg Wrubell.

I share a common heritage with the 'Voice of the Cougars.' Although separated by many years, we both came through the BYU broadcast program. We were both mentored by S.L.C. sportscasting legend Paul James, and we both eventually aspired to his job calling BYU football and basketball games. One of us actually made it.

I used a word in Part Two of this series - tradecraft.

If Greg's picture isn't next to this word in the dictionary, it should be. I have an almost inexpressible level of professional respect for Greg. He is a pro's pro. For every hour you hear and see him on KSL, there are countless hours spent preparing for each broadcast reading, researching and preparing his spotting boards and game notes. Greg often eschews the movie, music or magazine choices on plane trips to and from BYU road games, choosing instead to listen to recordings of his prior game calls in order to critique himself and get even better at something he already excels at. Tradecraft.

Like those who inspired, taught and encouraged us, Greg is now paying it forward, working with several sportscasting interns each semester.

I am a big fan of symmetry, so to bring this series to a conclusion, I say again to anyone of any age and background who would like to get paid to attend sports events and then talk about them, 

"...dream BIG, go to a top college broadcasting program, make connections and network like crazy and work your guts out.."

Remember Jimmer.

So You Want To Be A Television Sportscaster? Part Two

"...dream big, go to a top college broadcasting program, make connections, network like crazy and work your guts out.."

This was the short answer I blurted out off the top of my head when asked for any advice I might have about getting into the sportscasting 'biz' by someone in my twitter timeline. It's certainly not the first time I've fielded this question.

My very first stop after graduating from BYU in 1982 with my degree in Broadcast Journalism was KIFI-TV in Idaho Falls. Even as a green rookie in the business, I was invited several times to speak to journalism classes just up I-15 at Ricks College. 


Back then, I shared what little bit of insight I had about becoming a broadcast journalist.

Twenty-nine years, eight stations and a handful of job titles ranging from sports director to senior sports producer to general assignment news reporter later, I feel much better qualified to offer some advice.

There were things I did well and learned from. There were also things I didn't do so well, and would change if I could go back now for a do-over with the benefit of hindsight.

As I rose in the business, I had the chance to teach and train young people under my charge, college interns and graduated kids just entering the business. Apparently, I was able to pass along some useful information - many of them are still working in the industry and several have risen far further than I ever did.

Although roughly 90% of my career was in sports, there is the 10% which was news writing and general assignment/feature reporting, and the tips and advice I will lay-out here are universal and will hopefully be helpful whether you plan to cast your lot with the sports guys, the newsies or even the weather department.

(I actually had to do weekend weather in Idaho Falls for a couple of years in order to be the weekend sports anchor, but those are stories - and some major laughs - for another day)

Step 1 - Dream BIG

I preach this to the broadcast journalism students I mentor at BYU from the first day of orientation until the final day of the semester when I say goodbye to the graduating seniors.

I'll use what I'll call the 'Jimmer metaphor.'

Start with a big dream regardless of who you are, where you come from or what natural gifts and strengths you may or may not have been blessed with. To your big dreams add a deep burning passion and a commitment to yourself to do whatever it takes - however hard it is, however long the path or how steep the price - and then proceed with bulldog-like tenacity that you will overcome ANY obstacle placed in front of you.

To that I would add, be realistic and honest with yourself. If you are 5'6, I can almost guarantee you will never be the starting center for the Los Angeles Lakers, but if your passion is basketball you can adapt your dream and be a point-guard, a coach, a trainer or even - wait for it - an official.

Step 2 - It's NEVER too early (or late) to get started

Nick Garner will be reading this blog.

Nick is a Southern California schoolboy and already has HIS dream. If you peek at his website - http://www.sportstalk4kids.com/ST4K/Sports_-_Nick_Garner.html - you'll notice he's already 'living the dream,' talking with people like USC Head Football Coach Lane Kiffin and Dodgers living legend, Tommy Lasorda.

On the other hand, if you are a disenchanted 30-something retail manager or accountant who hates going to work and sneaks a peek at the internet every chance you get to see what's up in the sports (or news) world and talk about it with someone, anyone, who will listen to you, I say "c'mon down..."

The information age, technology explosion and social media revolution have combined to create a perfect storm of opportunity, a nearly insatiable worldwide appetite for information, opinion and exchange of ideas. That's not going away anytime soon, people.

Step 3 - Grab the tools of the trade and learn how to use them

Whether you are currently in grade school, high school, college or the school of hard knocks there are specialized tools of this trade - job skills. You need to get ahold of them, master them and then continually refine them over the entire span of your career.

This is called tradecraft - a word straight out of a Robert Ludlam or Daniel Silva spy novel - but I love it's application to journalism. Okay, what are the tools?

• knowledge - you need this in spades, by the bucket. Grab as much as you can and then reach for more. You need to be SMART. Not Einstein smart, but well-read and educated so you can speak confidently, comfortably and with credibility about the news, or sports news of the day.

Especially in the visual medium of television, people can spot a phony a mile away. What do I mean by a phony? An anchor or reporter who is just a pretty face or talking head who is being spoon-fed everything they say by a producer who has the actual knowledge.

The 1987 film 'Broadcast News' is the PERFECT example of what I'm talking about. William Hurt's pretty-boy anchorman, Holly Hunter's brilliant producer and Albert Brooks' tortured, under-appreciated reporter are wonderful characters and nail the essence of what I am preaching here.

As a television sportscaster, you absolutely NEED to be watching SportsCenter and have dozens of sports news websites bookmarked for daily reading. You should be watching live sports all the time. This isn't busy work - it's what you LOVE and LIVE for. It's either in your blood or it isn't. No shortcuts.

• writing - this is your core job skill. Since I can't over-state how absolutely critical this is to your success, I'll repeat it - WRITING IS YOUR CORE SKILL. It will make or break you in this business. The best writers get the best jobs. Cold, hard truth.

Writing for the ear, for broadcasting, is similar, but different from writing for print. But just as algebra comes before geometry, you need to learn basic newswriting - Journalism 101 - as your foundation before you then learn and master broadcast writing.

Now we take that a step further. 


Writing for sports is different than writing news. The concept here is spelled F-U-N. Sports is supposed to be FUN. It's not death, taxes or natural disasters.

After the news anchors and the weatherman have thoroughly depressed the audience, the sportscaster goes to bat with the diversions, the 'time-outs' from life's hardships, challenges and realities. It's the very same reason the athletes play the games and fans go watch them. It's always been that way and probably always will be.

((okay, caveat here. Recent current events in the sports world are forcing sportscasters and reporters to borrow a page from the news people and be serious on occasion. It's sad, but it is what it is. Thankfully, sports will always, hopefully be pre-dominantly fun))

NEVER stop self-critiquing, and working on your writing. Tradecraft.

• speaking - your voice is HUGE if you go into radio, and only slightly-less important on TV, where you can dress snappy, comb your hair and plaster on a 10,000 mega-watt smile. ((I am always reminding my BYU sportscasting students to SMILE))

Let's face it - not everyone can be a John Facenda (NFL Films) and be blessed with the 'Voice of God.' And yes, people with high-pitched, squeeky voices or nasal twangs can and do succeed in the industry, but hedge your bets. Work on your voice - your delivery. Insider trick: when you go into an audio booth to record a narration track, if you smile and move around - literally be animated - that will translate into your voice like magic and your audio will be much improved.

Just as with your writing, constantly self-critique your voice and delivery. Always make sure someone in the newsroom is running an air check - a recording of the newscast. (oops, there's my age showing. Having a DVR at home will obviate the need for an air-check) The best sportscasters always linger at least 5-10 minutes before heading-out the back door to go watch the air check and see what worked and what needs to be worked on.

If I could go back and start over, knowing what I now know about the business, I would have invested in some individual, specialized voice coaching to maximize my potential success and raise my ceiling. 


Once again with the T-word: tradecraft.

• appearance - you've probably heard the time-honored industry jokes about someone having a 'face for radio' or a 'voice for newspaper.' NEWSFLASH: stereotypes aside, there is some truth here. Actually, a lot. And this is not a knock on the radio and print guys. Just another cold, hard fact.

No matter how you cut it, television is a visual medium. How you look is important. Not everyone working on TV needs to be a supermodel (see: Ken & Barbie syndrome) but you absolutely have to be well pulled together and always concerned with appearance.

There is a right and a wrong way to dress for TV work. Hair styles matter, and I couldn't be any more serious. The further up the ladder you climb in the business, the news directors who answer to the general managers and have the highly paid image consultants whispering in their ear will actually have the attorneys build into your contract what you may and may not do with your hair.

I almost always had gym memberships included as perks in my contracts and in one contract re-negotiation I was told point-blank: lose some weight - now.

Looks are important. When the sports media gather at news conferences and games, you can almost always spot the TV guys and girls from their contemporaries in the other mediums. As I mentioned, this is not a knock. Again, it simply is what it is.

Now that we've talked about dreams and tools, we'll call it good for today.

***

In the third and final installment, we will discuss college, internships, networking....and of course, more tradecraft. Greg Wrubell's name is probably going to come-up in the conversation.

So You Want To Be A Television Sportscaster? Part One

1988: KVBC-TV (NBC) Las Vegas

For over 20 years, I had what many people - especially those who love sports - consider a dream job. I was a television sportscaster. What do I mean by 'dream job'?


People actually PAID me to go to NFL, NBA, MLB and NCAA games.

I got a paycheck for hanging-out at practices and games with coaches and players, chatting them up, picking their brains with my questions and getting to know them a little bit - in good times and bad.

There were other, lesser perks. I parked for free right next to the stadiums, arenas and venues. I had my own reserved seat with my name staked-out for me in the press boxes. Oh yeah, there was always free food involved. Mostly good-to-occasionally-great catered food. ((not counting the bland hot-dogs and canned sodas at Holt Arena in Pocatello for Idaho State football))

When the games were over, I got to clean-up and then sit in front of a live television camera and share the good times, and occasionally, the bad, with thousands of people. I can honestly say to this day, I got paid to play. There was literally never a day that I can recall where I wanted to be doing something else besides going to work.

This past week, Matt Rollins - @AdiosBullwinkle in my twitter timeline - was talking about becoming a television sportscaster and asked me if I had "..any advice for getting in the biz?"

My reply to him - the SHORT answer to his question - went something like:

"...dream big, go to a top college broadcasting program, make connections, network like crazy and work your guts out.."

Now that I am involved mentoring students at my alma mater, BYU, it seems like a good time to gather my thoughts on the subject for the next time someone hits me up with that question.

KIDK-TV Idaho Falls

How qualified am I to be dispensing advice on the matter? Fair question. I'll try and answer that without doing a virtual cut & paste of my resume.

I was a local TV sports anchor, reporter and producer.


I started out in television's minor leagues - Yuma, Medford and Idaho Falls - and topped-out in Seattle, currently the 13th largest US television market, at KIRO-TV, one of the CBS network's shining jewels among affiliates.

In my career travels, I covered the NFL's Seahawks, Chargers and Cardinals; the Sonics, Trailblazers and Suns of the NBA; and spent a wild couple of Summers with the Padres and Mariners. Training camps to playoffs. MLB All-Star games to the lowest levels of the minors - I'm talking stuff straight out of 'Bull Durham.'

There were more regular-season and bowl games in football and basketball games and NCAA tournaments in hoops than I can quickly recall covering the PAC-10, MWC, WAC and Big Sky.

I also got a taste of working 'in the majors.'

Before even graduating, I lucked into a freelance Production Assistant (PA) job right here in Provo when BYU hosted the 1981 NCAA National Track & Field Championships. That weekend with the ABC boys from New York led directly to more PA work with ABC on NCAA and Monday Night Football broadcasts.

I was almost hired F/T by the incomparable Keith Jackson to be his in-booth spotter. For many years, Al Michaels and Frank Broyles were the top two references on my resume. 


In later years, some of my local TV stories and features were picked-up and run on network sports shows and feeds.

KIRO's legendary Wayne Cody

I stepped behind the camera to be the Senior Sports Producer at KIRO, where I made the daily reporting assignments to two anchors, two reporters and a couple of sports photogs.

As the 'conductor' of this TV sports orchestra, I did most of the writing, producing and editing, then brought it all together to a crescendo at 5:00, 6:00 and 11:00.

I was on the phone daily with CBS in New York, sending them satellite feeds of our Sonics, Seahawks, Mariners and Huskies stuff.

***

With that frame of reference, in Part Two, I'll share my thoughts, ideas and suggestions on what it takes to get into and succeed at television sportscasting.